Technical Specifications

Coating / Plating for electric connection

Metal coating (plating) are often applied to the surface of electrical conductor, connecting parts and bus connection joints to improve solderability, reduce oxidation (corrosion) and improve electrical properties (conductivity, hardness, emissivity, skin effect, etc.). The most common coating (plating) materials used with copper conductors are Tin and Silver. Copper and Nickel coating are often used as under layer. Tin is the most common coating material used with copper conductor at the service temperature up to 150°C. At higher temperatures, Silver and Nickel coating are often used to minimize oxidation.

Coating (plating) material properties Tin Silver Nickel
Maximum service temperature according to CEI 60694 105°C 115°C
Critical temperature 150°C 250°C 450 C
Conductivity (%IACS) 15 106 22
Crimp contact resistance Good but can deteriorate over time Excellent Good but can deteriorate over time
Solderability Good but can deteriorate over time Excellent Requires active flux
Application / Service Good for non-sliding and non-rotating contacts (i.e. bolted joints). No good for low temperature below -40°C Good for sliding and rotating contacts (i.e. switchgear, moving switch blade, primary disconnect assemblies) Good for wear resistance and as an undercoat for tin plating

Corrosion resistance of plating metals on material base copper for electrical used:

Hydro Sulfide (H2S) – Founded source: natural environment as hydro sulfuric acid, sewer gas, industries of petroleum, pulp and paper. The largest industrial cause of H2S is through petroleum refineries as the hydrodesulfurization process liberates Sulfur from petroleum

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – Emission source: Burning of fossil coal, oil and gas from motor vehicle exhaust, petrol and metal refining, electricity power generation and food processing.

Chlorine (CL2) – Often used in the manufacture of chlorinated organic chemicals, plastics, and chlorinated lime, pulp and paper manufacturing. Other uses are water purification and treatment, swimming pool, sewage systems. It is a powerful oxidizing agent, strongly electronegative, very reactive.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) – Emission source: Burning of fossil coal, oil and gas from motor vehicle exhaust, petrol and metal refining, electricity power generation from and food processing.

Ammonia (NH3) – Founded source: Agriculture, animal, based fertilizer, vehicular emissions and volatilization from soils and oceans.

Material H2S SO2 CL2 NO2 NH3 Air 120C Salt fog
Gold (Au) 3 µm 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Gold (Au) 0.2 µm 1 3 3 3 1 3 2
Silver (Ag) 10 µm 2 1 2 3 1 1 2
Tin (Sn) Chem. dull, 15 µm 2 2 3 3 1 3 2
Tin (Sn) Electro. dull, 15 µm 1 3 1 1 1 1 2
Tin (Sn) Electro. bright, 15 µm 1 2 3 1 1 1 2
Tin (Sn) Hot dip, 6 µm 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
Nickel (Ni) 3 µm 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
Copper (Cu) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

(1) = high; (2) = Fair; (3) = poor

Standard specification

Specification Description
ASTM B117-03 Test method of salt spray (fog) testing
ASTM B281-88 Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base for Electroplating and Conversion Coating.
ASTM B488 Electrodeposited Coatings of Gold for Engineering Uses
ASTM B545-97 Standard spec for electrodeposited coated of Tin
ASTM B568-98 Measurement of coating think.by X-Ray Spectrometry.
ASTM B571-97 Standard Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings
ASTM B659-90 Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coating
ASTM B678-86 Solderability of Metallic-Coated Products
ASTM B689-97 Electroplated Engineering Nickel Coating
ASTM B700-97 Electrodeposited Coating of Silver for Engineering use
ASTM B733-04 Autocatalytic (Electroless) Nickel-Phosphorus Coating on Metal
ASTM B733-97 Autocatalytic (Electroless) Nickel-Phosphorus Coating on Metal
ASTM B734-97 Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses
ASTM B849-02 Standard specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for reducing risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
ASTM B850-98 Post-Coating treatments of steel for reducing the risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
ASTM D3359-09 Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test

Standard specification

Specification Description
MIL-C-14550 Copper Plating (Electrodeposited)
MIL-DTL-26074 Coating, Electroless Nickel
MIL-DTL-32119 Coating Electroless Nickel Special Applications
MIL-DTL-45204 Gold Plating (Electrodeposited)
MIL-DTL-5541 Chemical Conversion Coatings on Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
MIL-DTL-81706 Chemical Conversion Materials for Coating Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
MIL-STD-171 Finishing of Metal and Wood Surfaces
MIL-STD-45662 Calibration Systems Requirements
MIL-T-10727 ETin Plating, Electrodeposited or Hot-Dipped for Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals
MIL-F-495 (Blackening) Chemical Black for copper alloys
QQ-N-290A Nickel Plating (Electrodeposited)
QQ-S-365D Silver Plating, Electrodeposited, General requirement